Kidney stones composed primarily of calcium oxalate are among the most common forms of urinary stone formation. These stones develop when urinary concentrations of calcium and oxalate become elevated enough to crystallize within the kidneys or urinary tract. Biological contributors include low fluid intake, concentrated urine, impaired urinary citrate balance, excessive sodium intake, metabolic stress, oxidative damage, and inflammatory signaling within renal tissues. Calcium oxalate crystallization is influenced not only by oxalate exposure but also by urinary pH, hydration status, mineral balance, and protective compounds naturally produced by the body. A whole-food plant-based dietary pattern emphasizing hydration-rich foods, potassium-rich vegetables, magnesium-containing legumes, citrus fruits, fiber-rich whole foods, and anti-inflammatory phytochemicals is associated with healthier urinary chemistry patterns. Fruits and vegetables contribute citrate, potassium, water, polyphenols, and antioxidants that may support urinary dilution and help maintain normal crystal handling processes within renal tissues. Dietary fiber may also influence oxalate metabolism through interactions involving the gut microbiome and intestinal mineral binding. Oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling pathways are involved in renal epithelial irritation associated with crystal adhesion. Experimental evidence demonstrates that reactive oxygen species, inflammatory mediators, and cellular injury responses can increase calcium oxalate crystal retention in kidney tissues. Polyphenol-rich plant foods containing compounds such as quercetin, hesperidin, chlorogenic acid, catechins, and anthocyanins have been studied for their association with antioxidant activity and renal cellular support. Hydration remains one of the most important dietary variables associated with urinary dilution. Water-rich fruits and vegetables including cucumber, watermelon, lemon, orange, celery, and zucchini contribute fluid volume alongside electrolytes and organic acids. Citrus fruits naturally contain citrate-related compounds that have been associated with healthier urinary chemistry profiles. Excess sodium intake is associated with increased urinary calcium excretion, while potassium-rich foods are linked with healthier mineral handling patterns. A plant-based nutritional approach centered on vegetables, legumes, fruits, herbs, whole grains, and hydration-focused foods supports broader metabolic balance without reliance on highly processed foods or concentrated animal-derived dietary patterns. Dietary diversity also contributes protective micronutrients involved in antioxidant defense systems, mitochondrial function, epithelial integrity, and mineral balance. Magnesium-containing foods including legumes, pumpkin seeds, oats, quinoa, and leafy vegetables may support balanced mineral interactions in urinary physiology. Fiber-rich foods additionally support gastrointestinal handling of dietary compounds that influence renal metabolic load. Long-term dietary patterns emphasizing minimally processed plant foods are associated with broader improvements in hydration behavior, urinary chemistry, endothelial health, inflammatory regulation, and oxidative stress balance.